Well Design and Completeions 47 7. Drake on the right Detailed modules will follow taking you from the basics concepts through to advanced drilling engineering. History of Drilling 2. Introduction to Drilling Rigs 3. Rig Equipment Orientation 4. Rig Crew Familiarisation 5. Rig Systems 6. Ancient Chinese Drilling The Chinese have used oil and gas for many centuries. There is no record of when Chinese began using natural gas, but clearly in Szechuan the local people were drilling down hundreds of feet into the earth to get natural gas and brine before the start of the Han Dynasty, before B.
The Chinese used bamboo pipelines to carry natural gas and mix it with air to yield a usable source of fuel for fires. The initial discovery of natural gas may have come as a serendipitous by product of the search for brine and salt, and the natural gas fires were certainly used on brine taken from wells to evaporate the water and recover salt. Natural gas wells were called fire wells. Edwin Drake is often mentioned for digging a modern oil well in Pennsylvania in , starting a boom in the modern petrochemical and mining industries, but people had been drilling wells in China over two thousand years before him.
Advancement of Chinese Drilling The first drilling technique developed in China was the Spring Pole Technique seen in Figure 2, which harnessed the motion of a wooden pole to lower and raise a drill bit into the ground. The broken rock would then be lifted out with a separate bailing tool. By the first century B. Chinese engineers were able to dig down over feet , and commonly did so as part of a brine industry in Szechuan. Development of Early Drilling Tools The percussion drilling method on its own is impressive, especially when considering that the rest of the world had nothing comparable in the earlier centuries.
But even more impressive are all the techniques the Sichuan drillers developed to overcome common drilling problems such as cave ins, lost tools, deviated wells, and so on. A huge variety of tools and techniques evolved to handle well repair issues and some examples can be found in Figure 3. This was made of Iron and attached to a Bamboo pole with a stabilizer wrapped around the top.
There was money to be made from brine wells. The rapidly growing number of settlers in the frontier needed a lot of salt to preserve food. However, Often Brine wells were fouled with the intrusion of unsought and unwanted oil.
Using the same basic notion of chiseling a hole deeper and deeper into the earth. Bull wheels and hemp rope repeatedly hoisted and dropped heavy iron drill strings and a curious variety of bits deep into the borehole. Oil was still an adversary to those in search of either fresh water or brine. When Yale chemist, Benjamin Silliman, found that oil could be distilled into a kerosene illuminant, the world changed forever.
Inspired entrepreneurs with the idea of using cable tool drilling to extract oil quickly got to work. Drake was the first to use large diameter pipe to case the hole. In steam engines were introduced to power rigs and the drilling operation became much more efficient.
As wells got deeper, some drilling experts found resistant rock strata that made progress far more difficult using the percussion drilling method. Sometimes the drilling tools got stuck threatening the well. By applying downward pressure, the drilling fluid also stops an oil well from kicking unexpectedly. This was achieved by using a fluid weight that was greater than the anticipated reservoir pressure.
Archaeological records show that as early as BC the Egyptians may have been using a similar technique. Leonardo Di Vinci, as early as , developed a design for a rotary drilling mechanism that bears much resemblance to today's technology. The new oil field at Spindletop in Texas soon produced more than , barrels. By this first offshore well was producing oil and 22 companies soon joined in the boom, constructing 14 more piers and over wells within the next five years.
Charlie, designed and constructed from scratch by Ocean Drilling and Exploration Co. The Mr. When the Mr. Charlie went to its first location in June , Life magazine wrote about the novel new idea to explore for oil and gas offshore.
It was noticed that the motions at this draught were very small, and Blue Water Drilling and Shell jointly decided to try operating the rig in the floating mode. Fixed Platforms and Drill Ships are other types which can have drilling facilities on board. This is all down to the size, equipment differences and also the difficulty with logistics to and from the rig. Each rig will have similar drilling equipment on board but some will vary due to the nature of the rig.
The ballast tanks can be adjusted to raise or lower the rig and they can be moved under their own power or towed into place. Once in place the rig will deploy its six anchors and they will be tensioned accordingly to move the rig over the drilling location. Therefore the rig is fitted with heave compensators which keep the drill pipe firmly at the bottom whilst drilling. When the rig moves upwards the heave compensators push down the drill pipe and vice versa.
Some larger rigs can have up to 5 legs. The rig will then raise itself out of the water to the desired height. When their legs are not deployed, jack ups float, and are transported from one drilling location to another. Mount the drilling derrick on an arm that extends outward from the main deck. With a Cantilever deck, drilling can be performed through existing platforms, as well as without them.
Most jack ups built in the last 10 years have been cantilevered jack ups. This is basically a large opening in the hull with the derrick positioned over it. These type of rigs come in a variety of sizes depending on the type of well you will be drilling. The rig breaks down into many parts so that it can be transported with trucks and trailers. First a concrete base will be laid at the location of the well and a pit will also be dug next to the location for the cuttings from the well to be temporarily dumped into.
The depth that a rig can drill to depends on the power of its drawworks which lowers and raises the drill pipe from the well. This rises up from the seabed to support a surface deck which is above the ocean. They can drill to depths of about 1, feet below the surface, but are expensive to build, so they usually require a large oil discovery to justify their construction.
Either purpose built, or converted from some other use, drill ships can be moved easily between locations. Drill ships use either anchors or dynamic positioning to maintain station. The latest drill ships can operate in 1, meters of water. Drill ships are differentiated from other offshore drilling units by their easy mobility. While Semi Submersible rigs can also drill in deep waters, drill ships are able to propel themselves from well to well and location to location, unlike Semi subs, which must rely on an outside transport vessel to transfer them from place to place.
In some cases, coiled tubing technology can replace the typical drill string with a continuous length of pipe stored on a large spool. This approach has many benefits, including reduced drilling waste and minimized equipment footprints, so it is especially useful in environmentally sensitive areas.
No drill pipe connections means that tripping in and out of the hole operations become very fast compared to conventional drilling practices. A down hole motor is used to transfer rotation to the drill bit. The following lessons will describe in detail what each piece of equipment is used for. Crown Block 2. Catline Boom and Hoist Line 3.
Drilling Line 4. Monkeyboard 5. Traveling Block 6. Top Drive 7. Derrick or Mast 8. Drill Pipe 9. Doghouse or drillers shack Blowout Preventer Water Tank Electric Cable Tray Engine Generator Sets Fuel Tanks Electrical Control Room Mud Pump Bulk Mud Components Storage Mud Pits Waste Pit Mud Gas Separator Shale Shakers Choke Manifold Vee Door and Catwalk Pipe Racks The drilling line is run over the sheaves down to the hoisting drum.
This mechanism creates a mechanical advantage by using the same principle of the block and tackle to lower and raise the traveling block. Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or into a well. Also, a wire rope used to support the drilling tools. Again this makes up part of the block and tackle arrangement that can lift heavy loads into and out of the well.
The hoist line is attached to a mechanical air driven winch. From here the derrickman will latch the drill pipe into the elevators in the bails below the top drive. The monkey board is located at a height in the derrick or mast equal to two, three, or four lengths of pipe respectively. The top drive is operated from a control console on the rig floor. All offshore drilling rigs use derricks which can only be skidded outwards and inwards over a well.
Joints of pipe of 30 feet long are coupled together with tool joints. Drill pipes come in different sizes and standards which I will later cover in another article. Offshore the Dog house will be full of electronics to control the equipment on the rig floor.
Some drillers have a ciber chair with controls to lift the Traveling block, rotate the Top drive and operate actuated valves. Newer rigs use electric generators to power electric motors on the other parts of the rig.
The generators produce electricity that flows through cables to an electrical distribution panel. Electricity is then fed via the distribution panel to electric motors on the rig.
Each pump can supply high volume, up to gpm and high pressures of up to psi. Safety and economic considerations are also included, as well as key components of surface equipment needed and how to properly select equipment depending on the type of fluid system. Rounding out with proven case studies that demonstrate good practices and lessons from failures, this book delivers a practical tool for understanding the guidelines and mitigations needed to utilize this valuable process and technology.
Helps readers gain a framework of understanding regarding the basic processes, technology and equipment needed for gaseous fluid drilling operations Highlights benefits and challenges using drilling flow charts, photos of relevant equipment, and table comparisons of available fluid systems Presents multiple case studies involving successful and unsuccessful operations.
Author : Martin E. Author : Ronald E. Terry and project engineer J. Brandon Rogers review the history of reservoir engineering, define key terms, carefully introduce the material balance approach, and show how to apply it with many types of reservoirs. Next, they introduce key principles of fluid flow, water influx, and advanced recovery including hydrofracturing.
Throughout, they present field examples demonstrating the use of material balance and history matching to predict reservoir performance. For the first time, this edition relies on Microsoft Excel with VBA to make calculations easier and more intuitive. This edition features Extensive updates to reflect modern practices and technologies, including gas condensate reservoirs, water flooding, and enhanced oil recovery Clearer, more complete introductions to vocabulary and concepts- including a more extensive glossary Several complete application examples, including single-phase gas, gas-condensate, undersaturated oil, and saturated oil reservoirs Calculation examples using Microsoft Excel with VBA throughout Many new example and practice problems using actual well data A revamped history-matching case study project that integrates key topics and asks readers to predict future well production.
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